Why might Bangkok face issues with its groundwater supply?

Bangkok faces significant challenges with its groundwater supply primarily due to heavy demands placed on this resource. The city has experienced rapid urbanization and population growth, leading to an increased demand for water for residential, industrial, and agricultural use. This high demand often exceeds the natural replenishment rate of the aquifers, resulting in over-extraction, which can deplete groundwater supplies and cause issues such as land subsidence.

While the other factors could contribute to water management issues, heavy demands are the most direct cause of groundwater supply problems. For instance, over-population and climate change may indirectly contribute to increased demand, but it is the immediate and substantial draw on groundwater resources for daily needs that most critically affects supply. Excessive rainfall might lead to flooding, but it does not inherently lead to shortages in groundwater, as it may instead provide opportunities for recharge under the right conditions.